Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects children but can occur at any age. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, measles remains a significant public health concern in many parts of the world. Understanding measles, its symptoms, causes, transmission, treatment, and prevention is essential for effective disease control. This article provides a comprehensive overview of measles to help raise awareness and encourage vaccination efforts.
What Is Measles?
Measles, also known as rubeola, is a viral disease caused by the measles virus, a member of the paramyxovirus family. It spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Measles is one of the most contagious diseases known, and it can survive on surfaces or in the air for up to two hours. People who are not immune have a 90% chance of becoming infected if exposed to the virus.
Causes of Measles
Measles is caused by the measles virus. Once the virus enters the body, it multiplies in the back of the throat, lungs, and lymphatic system. It then spreads throughout the body, including the skin and respiratory system.
The primary cause of measles outbreaks is low vaccination coverage. This may occur due to misinformation, vaccine hesitancy, lack of access to healthcare, or poor public health infrastructure. Even a single unvaccinated individual can trigger a measles outbreak in a community.
How Measles Spreads
Measles spreads through airborne transmission and direct contact:
- Coughing and sneezing by infected individuals
- Breathing contaminated air or touching infected surfaces
- Being in close proximity to an infected person
The virus can remain active and contagious in the air or on surfaces for several hours. People with measles are contagious from four days before to four days after the rash appears.
Symptoms of Measles
Measles typically develops 10–14 days after exposure to the virus. The symptoms begin mildly but escalate quickly. Common signs and symptoms include:
- High fever (often over 104°F or 40°C)
- Cough
- Runny nose
- Red, watery eyes (conjunctivitis)
- Koplik spots – small white spots inside the mouth
- Skin rash – a red, blotchy rash that usually starts on the face and spreads downward
The rash appears 3–5 days after the first symptoms and can last up to a week. In most cases, the symptoms begin to subside once the rash fades.
Complications from Measles
While many people recover fully, measles can lead to serious health complications, especially in children under 5, adults over 20, and people with weakened immune systems. Complications include:
- Pneumonia – the most common cause of measles-related deaths
- Ear infections
- Diarrhea and dehydration
- Encephalitis (brain inflammation)
- Blindness
- Pregnancy complications – miscarriage or premature birth
In rare cases, measles can cause a fatal complication called subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), which affects the brain years after the infection.
Diagnosis of Measles
Measles is typically diagnosed based on:
- Clinical symptoms (rash, fever, Koplik spots)
- Medical history, especially known exposure to measles
- Blood tests – to confirm the presence of measles-specific antibodies (IgM and IgG)
- Throat swab or nasal secretions – to detect the measles virus RNA using PCR testing
Early diagnosis is crucial for controlling outbreaks and preventing further spread.
Treatment for Measles
There is no specific antiviral treatment for measles. Instead, treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing complications:
- Rest and hydration
- Fever reducers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen
- Vitamin A supplements, especially in children, as they reduce the severity and risk of death
- Antibiotics may be prescribed for secondary bacterial infections like ear infections or pneumonia
In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage dehydration, respiratory distress, or neurological symptoms.
Measles Vaccination
The measles vaccine is the most effective way to prevent the disease. It is usually given as part of the MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, and rubella), which is safe and highly effective.
Vaccination Schedule:
- First dose: 12–15 months of age
- Second dose: 4–6 years of age
Adults who are unsure about their vaccination status should consult their healthcare provider. A 95%+ vaccination rate is required to achieve herd immunity and prevent outbreaks.
Global Measles Situation
Despite vaccination efforts, measles remains a public health threat, especially in low- and middle-income countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO):
- In 2023, more than 140,000 measles deaths occurred worldwide, mostly among children under 5
- Outbreaks have re-emerged in several countries due to declining vaccine coverage
- Conflict, misinformation, and disrupted healthcare services contribute to rising cases
To eradicate measles, global cooperation and robust immunization campaigns are essential.
Preventing Measles
Measles can be effectively prevented through the following steps:
- Vaccination – ensuring all children and adults are fully vaccinated
- Public health education – combatting misinformation about vaccines
- Rapid outbreak response – isolating infected individuals and tracing contacts
- Strengthening healthcare systems – improving access to vaccines and healthcare
- Monitoring international travel – screening and vaccinating travelers from high-risk areas
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Measles
Is measles deadly?
Yes, measles can be fatal, especially in vulnerable populations. However, most people recover with proper care and nutrition.
Can you get measles more than once?
No, after recovering from measles, a person develops lifelong immunity.
Are adults at risk?
Yes, especially if they are unvaccinated or have compromised immune systems. Adults should verify their immunization records.
Can measles be eradicated?
Yes, with high global vaccination coverage, measles can be eradicated, just like smallpox. However, consistent efforts are needed worldwide.
What should I do if I think I have measles?
Seek medical attention immediately, avoid public spaces, and inform healthcare providers to prevent spreading the virus to others.
Conclusion
Measles is a preventable but dangerous disease that continues to affect communities worldwide. Vaccination is the cornerstone of prevention and control. Public health initiatives, education, and cooperation are essential to eliminate measles once and for all. Everyone has a role to play in protecting their health and the health of others. Ensure your family is vaccinated and stay informed about potential outbreaks. Together, we can stop the spread of measles.